Ray-Optics Simulations of Outdoor-to-Indoor Multipath Channels at 4 and 14 GHz

Radio wave propagation simulations based on the ray-optical approximation have been widely adopted in coverage analysis for a range of situations, including outdoor-to-indoor scenario. This work presents O2I ray-tracing utilizing laser-scanned point cloud building interior. The simulated radio channels are compared to their measured counterparts at 4 and 14 GHz terms path loss, delay angular spreads. Validation channel cases is rare, so far non-existent above-6 bands. reveals importance floor plan model simulations; it confirmed that loss can be replicated with mean error under 6 dB simple interior instead detailed model. Neglecting results high spread errors. By modeling interior, achieve relative 10% spreads 1.5 loss. Finally, effects multi-layer insulating window reported. Noticeable variation penetration small change incident angle causes gain changes up 15 dB.